What process describes the breakdown of organic matter by bacteria and fungi?

The process that describes the breakdown of organic matter by bacteria and fungi is known as decomposition. This essential ecological process involves the physical, chemical, and biological breakdown of dead organic material into simpler organic and inorganic matter.

Decomposition plays a critical role in nutrient recycling in ecosystems, allowing for the return of vital nutrients back into the soil, making them available for use by plants and other organisms. Bacteria and fungi are key decomposers; they utilize the organic matter as a food source, breaking it down through their metabolic processes. This not only contributes to soil fertility but also aids in the overall functioning of ecosystems by ensuring the continual availability of nutrients.

Other processes mentioned, such as denitrification, diffusion, and diel cycles, involve different biological or physical phenomena that do not specifically pertain to the breakdown of organic matter. Denitrification, for instance, is a specific process where bacteria convert nitrates in the soil into nitrogen gas, thus playing a role in the nitrogen cycle rather than organic matter decomposition. Understanding these different processes helps to clarify the crucial role decomposition plays in sustaining life and maintaining ecological balance.