Which term describes the process of water passing through soil and rock layers?

The process of water passing through soil and rock layers is known as percolation. This term specifically refers to the movement of water through the spaces or pores in soil and rock, which can occur due to gravity. Percolation is a critical component of the water cycle, as it facilitates the filtration of water, allowing it to reach and replenish groundwater aquifers.

In contrast, evaporation describes the transition of water from a liquid state to a gaseous state, typically when it is heated by the sun. Condensation is the process by which water vapor cools and changes back into liquid water, often forming clouds. Transpiration refers to the process by which plants absorb water through their roots and then release it as water vapor into the atmosphere from their leaves. Each of these terms describes different phases or processes in the water cycle, but percolation is unique in its focus on the downward movement of water through soil and rock.